Pricing Strategies

In business-to-business sales, extending discounts holds a place of ancient reverence, a tactic as old as commerce itself. This approach, crafted to escalate sales volume, capitalizes on a fundamental business purchasing principle: the quest for cost efficiency. By lowering the prices of goods or services, firms aspire to enhance the desirability of their products, thereby aiming to boost demand and, consequently, sales volume. Employing this tactic becomes particularly compelling in scenarios such as launching a new product line during contract renewal phases or seeking to penetrate deeper into highly competitive markets. The underlying premise is straightforward: reduced prices are anticipated to drive up sales volumes, potentially offsetting the dip in margins per unit sold.

However, offering a prospect a discount warrants careful consideration. While the immediate benefits—spiked interest from potential clients, an uptick in sales volumes, and the rapid inventory turnover—might seem enticing, the broader implications unveil a complex set of ramifications. This article endeavors to peel away the layers enveloping this widespread sales strategy, illuminating its influence on profitability, and evaluating its sustainability as a long-term practice.

Navigating the Complexity of Discounting in B2B Sales

At initial consideration, discounts present an ostensibly harmonious scenario: clients secure the products or services they need at reduced rates, while companies witness a boost in sales activity. Nevertheless, the stark reality is that indiscriminate discounting can significantly undermine profitability. This necessitates a nuanced understanding of profitability metrics: gross profit versus net profit. 

In professional business-to-business sales, the sales team doesn’t need a CPA, but they should know the basics of finance. Understanding the interplay between Gross Profit, Net Profit, COGS (Cost of Goods Sold), and SG&A (Selling, General & Administrative Expenses) is pivotal for any organization aiming to fine-tune its operational efficiency and profitability. These metrics, each distinct in scope and impact, collectively offer a comprehensive view of a company’s financial health. Let’s delve into these concepts, exploring their nuances and significance in the broader context of business management.

COGS: The Direct Costs Tied to Production

COGS encompasses the direct costs attributable to the production of the goods or services sold by a company. This includes raw materials, labor costs directly involved in production, and manufacturing overheads. COGS is a critical metric for management to consider, as it directly affects the Gross Profit. By optimizing production processes or negotiating better terms with suppliers, a company can effectively lower its COGS, thereby increasing its Gross Profit margin—an essential strategy for enhancing profitability.

SG&A: The Overhead of Running a Business

SG&A represents the cumulative expenses incurred from selling, general, and administrative activities. These are the costs associated with operating the business that are not directly tied to production, including sales force salaries, marketing expenses, rent, utilities, and administrative salaries. SG&A expenses are significant because they do not directly contribute to producing goods or services; they are essential for the company’s day-to-day operations and strategic positioning in the market. Effective management of SG&A expenses can significantly influence a company’s Net Profit, as these costs can either erode or support profitability depending on how they are controlled.

Gross Profit: The Initial Gauge of Profitability

Gross Profit is the initial measure of a company’s financial performance, calculated by subtracting the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) from the total revenue generated from sales. This figure is crucial because it reflects the efficiency with which a company produces or sources its goods and services before accounting for broader operational costs. For instance, if a company generates $1 million in sales and incurs $600,000 in COGS, its Gross Profit would be $400,000. This metric indicates the company’s production or procurement efficiency but does not account for the overheads and other operating expenses that also impact the company’s profitability.

Net Profit: The Ultimate Measure of Financial Health

Net Profit, often considered the bottom line, is the ultimate indicator of a company’s profitability after all expenses, including COGS, SG&A, interest, and taxes, have been deducted from total revenue. It is the most comprehensive measure of a company’s financial performance, revealing what remains as actual profit. For example, continuing from the Gross Profit scenario, if the company has additional operating expenses of $200,000 and taxes and interest amounting to $50,000, the Net Profit would be $150,000. This figure is paramount for stakeholders to assess the company’s profitability and sustainability.

Gross profit, calculated as the revenue from sales minus the cost of goods sold (COGS), provides an initial insight into the financial gain from sales. Yet, the net profit, the remainder after deducting all operational expenditures, interest, taxes, and Selling, General & Administrative (SGA) expenses from the gross profit, genuinely encapsulates a company’s financial health.

How All Of This Applies to Salespeople

In most companies, the sales team cannot change the COGS or SG&A for any deal. The only thing salespeople can typically control is the Selling Price; from that Selling Price, the costs have to be deducted to calculate the Net Profit.

Let’s dissect the financial dynamics further. Assume a service in the B2B sector is offered at a standard rate of $100,000, with a COGS of $60,000, rendering a gross profit of $40,000—a 40% gross margin. With the 20% SGA and other operational costs factored in, the net profit might settle at $20,000 per sale, constituting a 20% net margin on the transaction. 

Assuming the costs in the company are static, introducing a 10% discount drops the service price to $90,000. While the gross profit shrinks to $30,000 after we take out the $60,000 in COGS, the net profit is disproportionately affected. The fixed nature of SGA expenses means they remain constant, dramatically squeezing the net margin. In this example, the net profit after the 10% discount drops from $20,000 to $10,000.

Let’s summarize this example without all of the wording:

	0% Discount	5% Discount	10% Discount
List Price	$100,000	$100,000	$100,000
Selling Price	$100.000	$95,000	$90,000
COGS	$60,000	$60,000	$60,000
Gross Profit	$40,000	$35,000	$30,000
SG&A	$20,000	$20,000	$20,000
Net Profit	$20,000	$15,000	$10,000

As you can see from the above table, a 5% discount means a 25% reduction in Net Profit for this hypothetical company. A 10% discount means a 50% discount in Net Profit.

The critical question then becomes: How much additional sales volume is necessary to maintain or increase overall profitability post-discount? The revelation often shocks: a minor discount demands a significant upsurge in sales volume to compensate for the reduced net profitability—a challenging feat in the B2B landscape, where sales cycles are longer and client acquisition efforts more intensive.

Let’s show that math more clearly with the above example. Let’s assume that the above company only sells products with a $100,000 list price and they do 100 deals in a year. That means if all of the deals are at least price, they will achieve a gross revenue of $10,000,000 and a net profit of $2,000,000.

However, if the company gives everyone a 5% discount and the company’s stockholders want the same net profit, they will have to do $2M divided by $15K deals. That is 134 deals or a 34% increase in the number of deals. This means that a 5% discount means the sales team has to close 34% more deals to contribute the same net profit to the shareholders.

If the company gives everyone a 10% discount and the company’s stockholders want the same net profit, they will have to do $2M divided by $10K deals. That is 200 deals or a 100% increase in the number of deals. This means that a 10% discount means the sales team has to close twice the number of deals to contribute the same amount of net profit to the shareholders.

Reassessing the Discount Strategy

The appeal of leveraging discounts to amplify sales volume in the B2B sector is undeniable but fraught with pitfalls. Such strategies can erode net profitability, necessitate unrealistic sales volume increases to maintain financial stability, and might inadvertently signal desperation or devalue the proposition in the eyes of business clients. The purpose of this article is not to outright condemn discounting but to advocate for a strategic application thereof. Companies should meticulously evaluate the immediate allure of increased sales against the enduring implications for profitability. In numerous instances, alternative strategies that add value or enhance service offerings may present a more viable route to growth and financial robustness.

The Commission Conundrum: Revenue vs. Profitability

In the intricate ecosystem of sales and profitability, a critical and often overlooked element is the structure of sales commissions. The traditional commission model incentivizes sales personnel—and, by extension, their managers—based on the volume or dollar value of sales achieved, not the profitability of those sales to the company. This misalignment between the sales force’s motivations and the company’s overarching financial goals can lead to a significant disconnect, particularly in the context of discounting strategies.

As a lever of motivation, sales commissions are designed to spur sales teams to higher performance levels. However, when commissions are tied solely to revenue without consideration for profitability, it encourages a focus on the top line at the expense of the bottom line. For instance, a salesperson might be driven to close deals by offering discounts, thereby boosting their sales figures—and, by extension, their commissions—even if such discounts erode the company’s net profit. This scenario is further compounded if the salesperson’s manager, who also benefits from the team’s revenue performance, supports such discount-driven sales tactics without regard to their impact on profitability.

This model creates a fundamental misalignment between the sales team’s goals and top management’s strategic objectives. While sales teams are propelled towards maximizing raw revenue, top management’s primary concern is enhancing net profit—the company’s financial health indicator. The crux of the problem lies in the fact that discounts, while potentially beneficial for achieving short-term sales targets, can significantly undermine net profit margins. This is particularly true in industries where the cost structure is fixed or semi-fixed, and reducing prices does not proportionately decrease costs.

Implementing Safeguards: Aligning Sales Strategies with Profitability Goals

The solution to this problem lies in implementing robust safeguards and a strategic overhaul of the commission structure. First, establishing a rigorous discount approval process can be an effective checkpoint. This process ensures that discounts align with broader financial strategies and the company’s profitability goals. Such a system might include tiered discount limits, beyond which sales personnel must obtain managerial or executive approval.

Second, reconfiguring the commission model to incorporate profitability metrics can realign the incentives for the sales team with the company’s financial objectives. This might involve setting commissions based on net profit generated by sales rather than gross revenue. Alternatively, a balanced scorecard approach, with MBO goals (Management By Objective), including revenue and profitability targets, can incentivize sales personnel to consider the broader financial implications of their sales tactics.

Bridging the Gap Between Sales and Profitability

The alignment of sales strategies with the company’s profitability objectives is not merely a financial imperative but a strategic necessity. By reevaluating commission structures and implementing safeguards against indiscriminate discounting, companies can ensure that their sales efforts contribute positively to the bottom line. This approach fosters a culture where the sales team is not just focused on meeting revenue targets but is also mindful of the profitability and financial health of the organization. In doing so, companies can bridge the gap between pursuing raw revenue and the imperative of net profit, ensuring long-term sustainability and growth. This strategic alignment is crucial for navigating the complex interplay between sales incentives and company profitability, ultimately leading to a more cohesive and financially robust business model.

The delicate balance between pursuing immediate revenue gains through discounts and maintaining the integrity of net profitability demands a strategic reevaluation. The allure of discounts, often seen as a shortcut to achieving sales targets, undeniably poses a significant challenge to profitability. However, the proper resolution lies not in the mere restriction of discounts but in the fundamental shift towards selling value, cultivating champions within client organizations, and ensuring a seamless product alignment with the customer’s needs and objectives. This comprehensive approach mitigates the adverse effects of discounting on profitability and fortifies the foundation for sustainable, value-driven sales practices.

Selling Value: Elevating the Conversation Beyond Price

The cornerstone of mitigating the need for discounts is effectively articulating and demonstrating value. Value selling transcends the simplistic equation of cost versus features, delving into the tangible and intangible benefits that the product or service brings to the customer. This involves a meticulous understanding of the customer’s business landscape, challenges, and strategic objectives. By positioning the product or service as a pivotal solution that addresses these elements, sales professionals can pivot the conversation from price to value, emphasizing the return on investment (ROI) and the broader impact on the customer’s business.

The art of selling value requires a systematic approach, blending analytical rigor with a deep empathy for the customer’s context. It involves crafting a narrative that resonates with the customer’s aspirations and needs, backed by concrete data and case studies that illustrate the positive outcomes achieved by similar clients. This strategy elevates the customer’s perception of the product and fosters a more profound, consultative relationship that is less susceptible to the commoditization pressures that drive discounting.

Building Champions: The Power of Internal Advocacy

Another pivotal strategy is the cultivation of champions within the customer’s organization. Champions are internal advocates who understand and believe in the product or service’s value and are willing to mobilize support for it within their organization. Building champions involves identifying potential advocates based on their influence, alignment with the product’s value proposition, and professional objectives.

Empowering these champions requires providing them with the knowledge, tools, and confidence to articulate the value proposition internally effectively. This includes tailored presentations, compelling case studies, and data-driven ROI analyses that they can use to persuade other stakeholders. Champions serve as a critical bridge, amplifying the sales message and facilitating a deeper engagement with the customer organization. They help navigate internal dynamics and objections, making the sales process more efficient and reducing the reliance on discounts as a persuasive tool.

Aligning Product to Customer’s Needs and Goals: The Keystone of Value

At the heart of the solution to discount-driven sales challenges lies the alignment of the product or service with the customer’s needs and goals. This alignment ensures that the offering is not just a generic solution but a strategic fit that addresses specific challenges and capitalizes on unique opportunities within the customer’s business. Achieving this alignment requires a consultative sales approach characterized by active listening, probing questions, and a collaborative exploration of the customer’s business environment.

This process involves understanding the current needs and anticipating future challenges and opportunities. The sales professional must adopt a strategic advisor role, leveraging insights and expertise to guide the customer toward solutions that meet immediate needs and support long-term objectives. This level of alignment fosters a partnership-based relationship, where the product or service’s value is inherently recognized, reducing the customer’s sensitivity to price and diminishing the need for discounts.

A Strategic Blueprint for Sustainable Sales Success

The challenges posed by discounting strategies to profitability are significant but manageable. The proper solution lies in a holistic approach that focuses on selling value, building champions, and ensuring a deep alignment between the product and the customer’s needs and goals. This strategy requires a shift from transactional sales tactics to a more consultative and value-driven sales methodology.

By effectively selling value, sales professionals can elevate the conversation beyond price, emphasizing the broader business impact and ROI of their offering. Building champions within customer organizations create powerful allies who can advocate for the product internally, leveraging their influence to support the sales process. Finally, ensuring that the product is closely aligned with the customer’s strategic needs and goals solidifies the foundation for a partnership-based relationship, where the inherent value of the solution diminishes the focus on price and negates the need for discounts.

This approach addresses the immediate challenge of maintaining profitability in the face of discount pressures and lays the groundwork for sustainable sales success. It fosters more profound and more meaningful customer relationships built on a foundation of trust, value, and strategic alignment. In doing so, it positions companies to achieve short-term sales targets and long-term business objectives, securing a competitive advantage in the complex landscape of B2B sales.

Actions That You Can Take Today

To address the challenge of discounts affecting profitability without altering COGS or SG&A costs, sales managers and CEOs can implement the following five actionable steps today to enhance their company’s profitability through strategic sales practices:

1. Reframe the Sales Conversation Around Value, Not Price: Train your sales team to pivot discussions with clients from price to the comprehensive value your product or service offers. This involves deepening their understanding of the client’s business needs and how your solutions can address these needs in a way that contributes positively to the client’s profitability and operational efficiency. Encourage your team to prepare case studies and ROI analyses that clearly articulate the long-term benefits and cost savings of choosing your product or service over cheaper alternatives.
2. Introduce a Value-based Commission Structure: Redesign the commission structure to reward sales personnel not just for gross revenue, but also for selling at or near list price, thereby preserving or enhancing profitability. This could include bonuses for deals closed without discounts or additional incentives for upselling value-adding features or services that improve customer outcomes without significantly increasing discount levels.
3. Establish Strict Discount Approval Processes: Implement a tiered approval process for discounts requiring higher management levels to sign off on larger discounts. This process should include a profitability analysis to ensure that any discounts granted do not erode the net profit margin below an acceptable threshold. Making the discounting process more rigorous will encourage sales teams to seek alternative strategies to close deals.
4. Cultivate and Empower Internal Champions: Develop a program to identify and nurture champions within your prospects—key individuals who understand and believe in the value of your solutions. Provide these champions with the tools and information they need to advocate effectively on your behalf, turning them into an extension of your sales team. This might include exclusive insights into product development, customized value assessments, or early access to new features or services.
5. Align Sales Goals with Strategic Business Objectives: Ensure that your sales team’s objectives align with the company’s broader strategic goals, particularly profitability. This might involve setting specific targets for selling certain products or services with higher profit margins or developing bundled offerings that meet customer needs more comprehensively while improving profitability. Regularly review these goals and the strategies employed to achieve them, adjusting as necessary to keep your sales efforts focused on enhancing the bottom line.

By implementing these strategies, sales managers and CEOs can drive their teams towards practices that maintain and potentially increase profitability, even when discounts are off the table. These action items foster a culture of value selling, strategic negotiation, and customer-centric solutions, ultimately contributing to sustainable growth and profitability.