Hiring for Growth: How to Build a Sales Team That Drives Long-Term Success

Hiring for Growth: How to Build a Sales Team That Drives Long-Term Success

Building a successful sales team requires more than just filling open seats with available candidates. Company leadership must strategically align its hiring process with business objectives, market needs, and long-term goals. 

Whether you’re a solopreneur transitioning to a team-based approach or a CEO managing a growing sales force, the principles of intentional recruitment and onboarding remain the same. Hiring the right people is an investment in the future of your business.

One of the most common pitfalls in sales hiring is a lack of intentionality. Too often, small businesses hire out of convenience, choosing candidates from their immediate network or taking the first person who seems interested. While this approach may solve an immediate need, it rarely leads to long-term success. 

Hiring a salesperson means selecting someone who can actively drive growth and represent your brand with competence and integrity. The stakes are even higher when you’re working with a lean team; every hire matters, and mediocrity is not an option.

To avoid these missteps, it’s essential to approach hiring with the same rigor you apply to your sales process. Think of recruiting as a parallel to securing a high-value client. Just as you wouldn’t sell your product without qualifying leads or understanding their needs, you shouldn’t hire without a structured process to evaluate candidates. 

Begin by defining what success looks like for the role. What skills and attributes are non-negotiable? What specific outcomes do you expect this person to achieve within their first 90 days? A clear job description and measurable KPIs set the foundation for finding the right fit.

Cultural alignment is another critical factor. Your salespeople are the face of your business to prospects and customers. Their ability to embody your company’s values and mission can make or break the customer experience. A candidate might have a stellar track record, but if their approach clashes with your team’s culture, the partnership is unlikely to succeed. At the same time, skills and experience must align with the specific demands of the role. For instance, if your goal is aggressive market penetration, you need a hunter mentality, someone skilled in building relationships from scratch and closing deals in uncharted territory.

Read the rest of the article…
AI Isn’t Replacing Salespeople, It’s Giving Them a Competitive Edge

AI Isn’t Replacing Salespeople, It’s Giving Them a Competitive Edge

AI isn’t replacing salespeople, it’s making them more effective. The real risk isn’t losing your job to AI; it’s losing to a competitor who uses AI better than you do. Sales professionals who integrate AI into their workflow will outperform those who don’t. 

It’s not about technology taking over but about using technology to gain an edge. The market is becoming increasingly competitive, and the most efficient salespeople will emerge victorious.

Time is a salesperson’s most valuable asset. 

Every minute spent on administrative tasks is a minute not spent selling. AI helps reclaim those lost hours. Tools that automate writing, scheduling, and research allow salespeople to focus on what matters: building relationships and closing deals. If you’re not leveraging AI to increase productivity, you’re leaving opportunities on the table.

Sales emails need to be clear and professional. AI-powered writing assistants ensure your messages are polished and effective. A poorly written email can cost you a deal. AI tools catch grammatical mistakes, improve clarity, and even suggest more effective phrasing. This isn’t just about looking professional; it’s about being understood. 

If your message isn’t clear, it won’t convert.

Presentations are another time-consuming task. AI can generate professional decks in minutes. Instead of spending hours designing slides, salespeople can focus on developing effective strategies. AI-powered tools create branded, structured presentations based on simple inputs. This ensures consistency while saving time. Sales professionals who utilize AI for presentations can focus on delivering insights rather than formatting slides.

CRM systems are the backbone of sales operations. AI enhances CRM by automating data entry, tracking customer interactions, and suggesting next steps. Salespeople often struggle with keeping CRM data updated. AI reduces this friction by automatically capturing and organizing information. A well-maintained CRM leads to better forecasting and stronger customer relationships. 

If your CRM doesn’t have AI capabilities, it’s time to upgrade.

AI-driven insights enable sales managers to make more informed decisions, rather than relying on instinct. Managers can use AI to analyze performance trends, identify coaching opportunities, and predict revenue outcomes. AI doesn’t replace leadership; it enhances it. 

Sales managers who adopt AI can build stronger teams and achieve better results. Ignoring AI in sales management is a strategic mistake.

Lead generation is another area where AI adds value. AI-powered tools can analyze vast amounts of data to identify high-potential prospects. Instead of spending hours researching leads, salespeople can receive AI-generated recommendations. This allows for more targeted outreach and higher conversion rates. AI doesn’t just find leads, it finds the right leads.

Sales follow-up is often inconsistent. AI ensures follow-ups happen at the right time with the right message. Automated reminders and AI-generated responses keep deals moving forward. 

A well-timed follow-up can be the difference between closing a deal and losing it. AI helps salespeople stay on top of their pipeline without relying on memory.

Read the rest of the article…
Turning Around Sales Performance: Strategies for CEOs and Sales Managers to Foster Internal Alignment

Turning Around Sales Performance: Strategies for CEOs and Sales Managers to Foster Internal Alignment

Navigating a sales turnaround isn’t just about fixing numbers; it’s about transforming the business. It’s about realigning expectations, rebuilding internal trust, and creating a structured, sustainable path forward. 

If you’re a CEO, sales manager, or a key salesperson in your organization, the pressure to reverse a sales slump can feel overwhelming. However, the truth is that turnarounds aren’t made in a sprint; they’re built through clarity, consistency, and effective communication.

Too often, sales leaders make the mistake of focusing only on the downward trend. They get caught up in the urgency of the numbers and forget that the real challenge lies in managing upward, setting expectations with executive leadership, and aligning them with reality. 

If your sales team is underperforming, your internal stakeholders are your new audience. Just as with external prospects, you need to manage their expectations with a clear, actionable plan.

The process starts with a shift in mindset. 

Instead of viewing upper management as critics, think of them as clients. What do they need to believe in this turnaround? What information do they need to trust your leadership? Start by building a high-level outline. Avoid over-engineering the details in the early stages. Focus on where you want to go, then reverse-engineer the steps to get there.

Every turnaround starts from a rear position. That means your first job is to stop the downward momentum. Before you can scale revenue, you need to stabilize it. That requires a clear definition of success, agreed upon by everyone involved. 

  • Are you trying to double revenue in 12 months? 
  • Or just return to last year’s baseline? 
  • Is that goal realistic given your market, team, and resources? 

If not, revise it. A stretch goal is fine. A fantasy is not.

Read the rest of the article…
Cut Through the AI Hype: Practical Definitions for Sales Professionals

Cut Through the AI Hype: Practical Definitions for Sales Professionals

Artificial intelligence is transforming sales, but too many leaders are investing in tools they don’t fully understand. The result? Costly mistakes, poor adoption, and missed opportunities. This episode of AI Tools for Sales Pros breaks down the three core technologies behind AI:

  1. Machine Learning (ML),
  2. Natural Language Processing (NLP),
  3. Large Language Models (LLMs)

and explains them in plain language that every sales professional can use.

The episode compares the current AI confusion to the database revolution of the 1990s. Just as sales leaders once needed to grasp relational databases or virtualization to sell effectively, today’s leaders must understand AI fundamentals to buy, implement, and coach effectively. Without this knowledge, vendor meetings become traps where features outshine true solutions.

Why Sales Leaders Need to Understand AI

  • Vendors are selling “AI-powered” tools that are often just automation with marketing polish.
  • ROI depends on knowing what you’re really buying.
  • Sales reps look to leadership for clarity and coaching on new technologies.
  • Competitive advantage comes from strategic implementation, not just adoption.

The Three Core AI Technologies

Machine Learning (ML): The pattern recognition engine. It predicts outcomes by analyzing historical sales data. Use cases: lead scoring, deal risk analysis, forecasting.

Natural Language Processing (NLP): The communication translator. It helps machines understand and analyze human conversations. Use cases: call transcription, sentiment analysis, chatbots, and objection detection.

Large Language Models (LLMs): The content creation powerhouse. They generate human-like content at scale. Use cases: personalized emails, proposals, meeting prep, follow-ups.

When the Technologies Work Together

The magic happens when ML, NLP, and LLMs integrate. Imagine: ML identifies the best prospects, NLP uncovers their communication style, and LLMs create personalized outreach. Companies are seeing 30%+ response rates with this integrated approach.

Misconceptions and Realities

  • Myth: AI replaces humans. Reality: It augments judgment.
  • Myth: More AI equals better results. Reality: Focused use beats scattered adoption.
  • Myth: AI requires massive data. Reality: Many sales AI tools work with modest data sets.

Action Steps for Sales Leaders

  1. Audit your current tools—identify which technologies you’re already using.
  2. Apply the vendor evaluation framework before making new purchases.
  3. Share these simplified definitions with your team.
  4. Connect with peers in the B2B Sales Lab community to learn from real implementations.

AI competency isn’t about programming—it’s about making better buying decisions and leading your sales team strategically. The future of B2B sales is not humans vs. AI—it’s humans amplified by AI.

👉 Register for your free 90-day membership at b2b-sales-lab.com and join the conversation.

AI in B2B Sales Isn’t Optional Anymore

AI in B2B Sales Isn’t Optional Anymore

Several months ago, I was serving as a fractional VP of Sales for a $50 million manufacturing company. Their top salesperson was a 15-year veteran who knew the industry inside and out. Yet he was consistently being outsold by a competitor’s much newer hire. At first, it didn’t make sense until we discovered the reason.

The competitor’s rep wasn’t just more energetic or aggressive. They were AI-enabled. While my client’s rep was manually scrolling LinkedIn and drafting emails from scratch, the competitor’s rep was using AI tools to research prospects, craft personalized outreach, and prepare for meetings. In other words, the competitor had a partner working 24/7—freeing them to focus on what humans do best: building trust and closing deals.

That was the turning point. I realized we weren’t just competing against other salespeople anymore. We were competing against AI-enhanced sales teams.

The Most Urgent Technology Wave in Sales

Throughout my career, I’ve watched new technology waves disrupt the sales profession. Robotics transformed manufacturing in the 1980s. Solid modeling replaced drafting tables in the 1990s. Cloud computing reshaped IT in the 2000s.

Each time, early adopters gained the edge while laggards struggled to catch up. The AI wave is different for two reasons:

  1. It’s broader: touching every aspect of sales, from prospecting to forecasting.
  2. It’s faster: companies have months, not years, to adapt before the competitive gap becomes overwhelming.

AI in sales isn’t coming. It’s already here.

The Four Pillars of AI Sales Transformation

To make sense of AI’s role in sales, I use a framework I call the Four Pillars of AI Sales Transformation.

1. Efficiency Amplification

Salespeople lose hours each week on research, data entry, and administrative tasks. AI automates these repetitive activities, turning wasted time into revenue-generating capacity. If a rep with a $2 million quota spends 40% of their time on admin work, reclaiming even half of that time can translate into hundreds of thousands of dollars in additional revenue potential.

2. Personalization at Scale

Buyers expect relevance. AI enables sales teams to tailor outreach at a scale that was previously impossible. One client of mine went from producing 10 personalized emails per day to 500, each one referencing company news, industry pain points, or competitive dynamics. The result: higher engagement and faster response times.

3. Predictive Intelligence

AI spots patterns humans miss. It identifies which deals are at risk, when prospects are most likely to respond, and which leads are worth pursuing first. For one client, simply shifting demos to Tuesday afternoons increased conversion rates by 40%. When your competitors are guessing, AI gives you confidence.

4. Continuous Learning & Optimization

Unlike static playbooks, AI evolves. It analyzes win/loss data, tests messaging, and provides real-time coaching insights. One client discovered that pricing discussions were their biggest choke point. AI flagged the pattern, we built automated battlecards, and close rates improved by 18%.

Real-World Results

These aren’t theoretical benefits. In my own client work:

  • An AI-powered prospecting rollout increased appointment-setting rates from 8% to 23% in just six weeks.
  • A lost-deal analysis uncovered patterns that helped recover $2 million in the pipeline.

The reality is clear: companies already experimenting with AI are pulling ahead. Those who delay are watching the gap widen daily.

Three Things You Can Do This Month

If you’re ready to start, here are three immediate steps:

  1. Audit your workflow. Identify one repetitive task you can automate—prospect research, meeting prep, or follow-up emails.
  2. Pilot an AI tool. Start small with an affordable, no-code platform. Many cost less than $200/month.
  3. Learn with others. Don’t navigate this change alone. Surround yourself with peers who are experimenting, learning, and winning with AI.

Join the B2B Sales Lab

The best way to accelerate your adoption is to connect with others on the same journey. That’s why we built the B2B Sales Lab, a private, member-led community for sales professionals who want actionable insights, not theory. It’s where strategy meets execution.

In the Lab, you can:

  • Ask real questions about sales challenges.
  • Share proven best practices.
  • Learn from other sales professionals and veteran leaders.

Your first 90 days are free. Join us today at b2b-sales-lab.com.

The future of B2B sales isn’t about choosing between humans and AI. It’s about humans amplified by AI. Those who adapt now will thrive. Those who wait may not get the chance to catch up.

To learn more, listen to this podcast on the subject.

Two Tall Guys Talking Sales – Future-Proofing Your Sales Career with AI, Strategy, and Smarter Workflows – Episode 144

Two Tall Guys Talking Sales – Future-Proofing Your Sales Career with AI, Strategy, and Smarter Workflows – Episode 144

Is artificial intelligence coming for your sales job? Not if you understand the power of business acumen, value selling, and strategic adoption of tools that amplify, not replace, human expertise. In this high-impact episode of Two Tall Guys Talking Sales, Kevin and Sean tackle the loud claims of AI-induced layoffs with a grounded, practical message for salespeople and sales managers: evolve or fall behind. This is not a doomsday episode; it’s a wake-up call, a roadmap, and a motivational boost for anyone in the world of revenue generation, sales processes, and messaging strategy.

Whether you’re a frontline salesperson or a VP of sales leading a team, this conversation will inspire you to rethink how you work, what skills future-proof your career, and how AI can become your competitive advantage instead of your competitor.

Key Topics Discussed

  • The 4 Irreplaceable Skills That Safeguard Sales Careers (01:00)
    Sean breaks down a framework for evaluating whether your job is AI-proof, hint: if you’re in B2B sales and good at it, you’re likely already building a durable edge.
  • How AI Mirrors the Arrival of the Internet in Sales Evolution (04:10)
    Kevin draws a compelling parallel between today’s AI landscape and the early days of the internet, showing why this shift is just as transformative.
  • Sales Management and Strategic Value in an AI World (02:46 & 07:31)
    From leadership and team building to messaging and workflow design, the episode highlights why sales managers need to think beyond quotas and towards long-term enablement.
  • A Personal Story of Old-School Sales and the Power of Adapting Tools (08:00)
    Sean shares a nostalgic (and relevant) story about his father’s sales career before personal computers, offering perspective on how sales adapts across generations.
  • Weaponizing Your Time: Using AI to Amplify Human Strengths (13:00)
    Kevin delivers a call to action on how to audit your own sales day and offload low-value tasks through automation, freeing up more time for high-impact strategy and consultation.

Key Quotes

  • “You won’t lose your job to AI, you’ll lose your job to a better salesperson who uses AI.”
    – Sean O’Shaughnessey (01:02)
  • “If you’re not using AI, or any sales technology, you’re not doing your job. You’re underperforming.”
    – Kevin Lawson (06:11)
  • “Sales worked before computers, and it will work after AI. What changes is how well you adapt the tools available.”
    – Sean O’Shaughnessey (10:04)
  • “Your time is your greatest asset, and your biggest liability, when you’re not using it to its highest utility.”
    – Kevin Lawson (14:00)

Additional Resources

  • Sean’s original blog post on this topic (available in the B2B Sales Lab and LinkedIn) https://newsales.expert/2025/06/b2b-sales-in-the-age-of-ai-why-top-salespeople-will-thrive-while-the-repetitive-roles-disappear/
  • B2B Sales Lab community discussion on sales evolution and AI https://b2b-sales-lab.com/
  • Tools mentioned: ChatGPT, Perplexity, Gemini (as starting points for AI integration)

A Significant Actionable Item from this Podcast

Audit your sales day for repeatable, low-value tasks that can be automated.
Pick one of them, like researching prospects, summarizing meeting notes, or drafting follow-ups, and replace it with an AI tool like ChatGPT or Perplexity. You’ll recover time, increase productivity, and move closer to building a modern, AI-augmented sales practice.

Final Summary

This episode of Two Tall Guys Talking Sales isn’t about fear, it’s about focus. Sales success today requires a sharp blend of strategic thinking, tool adoption, and human skills that are nearly impossible to replicate. Kevin and Sean lay out a blueprint that every sales leader, rep, and business owner should follow to thrive in this new era. If you’re serious about sales management, value selling, messaging clarity, and staying ahead of disruption, this episode will give you the mindset and tactical clarity to act now. Don’t just listen, level up.

B2B Sales in the Age of AI: Why Top Salespeople Will Thrive While the Repetitive Roles Disappear

B2B Sales in the Age of AI: Why Top Salespeople Will Thrive While the Repetitive Roles Disappear

The buzz surrounding artificial intelligence has left many professionals wondering about the future of their careers. For B2B sales professionals, the rise of AI presents a fundamental question: Will AI replace salespeople?

The short answer is no, but it will replace some of their work. More accurately, AI will redefine the B2B sales landscape by eliminating lower-value activities, consolidating support roles, and enhancing the capabilities of top performers. In doing so, it will widen the gap between average and great salespeople.

Several years ago, I wrote a similar explanation about the fear that “the internet” would replace salespeople. That didn’t happen. You can find that article on the blog that supports my first sales book. Are salespeople necessary in the Internet age?

This blog post explores how B2B sales is positioned relative to AI disruption, referencing key insights from Benjamin Todd’s article, “How Not to Lose Your Job to AI” (80,000 Hours, 2025). Todd’s framework on skill types that increase in value in the age of AI helps us understand how high-functioning sales teams should evolve and how sales professionals can future-proof their careers.

Understanding AI’s True Impact: Augmentation, Not Replacement

A common misconception about AI is that it simply replaces humans. This isn’t true. AI devalues tasks it can perform while increasing the importance of the skills it cannot. Todd explains this dynamic through examples like the ATM: while the ATM reduced the need for transactional teller tasks, it actually increased demand for bank branch workers by allowing banks to open more branches. AI follows a similar pattern.

In B2B sales, AI will handle the most automatable tasks, such as data entry, follow-ups, list-building, and basic prospecting emails. However, this doesn’t eliminate the sales role; it sharpens its focus.

Instead of dialing hundreds of prospects daily, sales professionals will focus more on strategic engagement, account planning, and using AI-generated insights to elevate conversations. The result? Sales has become a more thoughtful, human, and strategic discipline for those who can keep up.

Four Categories of Skills That AI Will Make More Valuable

In Todd’s excellent article, he identifies four skill types that increase in value in an AI-enhanced workplace:

  1. Hard-to-automate skills
  2. Deployment-related skills
  3. Scarce, high-utility skills
  4. Skills hard for others to learn or replicate

Each of these aligns tightly with the demands of modern B2B sales.

Read the rest of the article…
Navigating the Sales Maze: Overcoming Missed Steps in Your Sales Process

Navigating the Sales Maze: Overcoming Missed Steps in Your Sales Process

The challenges for a salesperson or a sales manager are numerous. One such challenge that often arises during the sales process is the realization that a crucial step has been skipped. This situation is not uncommon and is faced by many salespeople. However, it’s not a moment for reprimanding or pulling out an accountability chart. Instead, it’s a moment of realization and an opportunity to rectify the error to avoid ending up in the ‘no decision lane.’

I have written about the importance of skipping stages of the sales process elsewhere on this site, most recently in “The Key to Profitable Sales Organizations: Understanding and Adhering to the Sales Process,” where I remind you that, according to the Harvard Business Review, 28% of companies that master at least three stages of their sales process will see an increase in revenue growth.

When you recognize you’ve missed a step in your sales process, it resembles backing up a train. You’ve got a lot of cars put together, but one is out on its own. Addressing this situation requires a specific style and approach. As a sales leader, your focus should be on the next step in the process. Have you covered this step from a question in the sales meeting? It’s important to ask questions like, “What is next? What is missing? What is now?” 

As a salesperson, if you realize you’ve missed a step, address it head-on. This approach allows you to rectify your error and builds trust with your prospect by demonstrating transparency and accountability. 

Read the rest of the article…
Validation Events: The Unsung Hero of Sales Process Discipline

Validation Events: The Unsung Hero of Sales Process Discipline

In the complex world of B2B selling, trust is built in stages. The challenge in all sales campaigns is ensuring the prospect trusts they are making the best decision for their business.

  1. Do they trust that the salesperson is giving them all of the information?
  2. Do they trust that the company will support them after the sale?
  3. Do they trust that the product will perform as they expect it to perform?

As I have explained in my book, Eliminate Your Competition, as well as the blog for that book and in this blog, the prospect needs to trust all three elements the salesperson is selling:

  1. They need to trust the product.
  2. They need to trust the company behind the product.
  3. They need to trust the salesperson.

Prospects listen to your sales message, review your materials, and hear your claims, but none of that guarantees belief or trust. Trust is validated when your claims are validated. That’s why validation events are crucial to any rigorous sales process.

In The Qualified Sales Leader, John McMahon stresses the importance of customer-driven validation. He cautions sales leaders against relying on internal optimism or anecdotal “good signals” from prospects. Instead, McMahon emphasizes observable proof—real buyer behavior that confirms alignment, commitment, and value. Validation events are when the customer takes action to validate that what you’ve promised is accurate and valuable.

An excellent sample sale process flow looks like this:

  1. Discover
  2. Scoping
  3. Economic Buyer Meeting
  4. Validation Event
  5. Business Case and Final Proposal
  6. Negotiate and Close

As you can see, the Validation Event is the last step before creating the final business case, which will be bundled with your final proposal.

Read the rest of the article…
Two Tall Guys Talking Sales – The Four Buckets of Sales Growth with Steve Wittal

Two Tall Guys Talking Sales – The Four Buckets of Sales Growth with Steve Wittal

In this dynamic episode of Two Tall Guys Talking Sales, hosts Kevin Lawson and Sean O’Shaughnessey welcome Canadian SalesXceleration expert Steve Wittal for an in-depth look into the foundations of effective sales strategies. Steve brings decades of experience in startup advisory, sales management, and business growth, sharing a robust framework that simplifies complex growth challenges into four digestible buckets: desirability, clarity, predictability, and deliverability. If you’re a business leader looking to strengthen your sales processes, sharpen your messaging, or improve revenue generation, this conversation is a goldmine.

Key Topics Discussed

  • The Power of Leadership in Change Management (~01:02)
    Steve opens by explaining why leadership is the starting point for any growth initiative, especially when change is involved.
  • The Four Buckets Framework for Growth (~03:00)
    Steve outlines his method for diagnosing and resolving growth issues by focusing on four pillars: desirability, clarity, predictability, and deliverability.
  • Desirability and Understanding the Customer’s Pain (~04:00)
    Why identifying whether your product is a “must-have” or “nice-to-have” is critical to sales success.
  • The Importance of Clarity and Quantifying the Cost of Inaction (~06:39)
    Sean and Steve unpack how clarity in messaging and value proposition can move buyers from indecision to action.
  • Predictability, Scalability, and Sales Playbooks (~09:20)
    How aligning your sales process with the customer’s buying journey enables scale and drives predictable revenue.
  • Deliverability and the Voice of the Customer (~10:50)
    Steve emphasizes the importance of retention, early wins, and referrals as indicators that your solution truly delivers.

Key Quotes

  • Steve Wittal: “A problem well-defined is a problem half-solved. Before we prescribe, we have to truly understand.” (~02:46)
  • Kevin Lawson: “When you’ve dotted all those i’s, it makes you a market-facing product. That’s how you achieve market fit.” (~13:25)
  • Sean O’Shaughnessey: “When a customer comes to you and says, ‘Can you help me solve this?’ — that’s sales nirvana.” (~08:35)

Additional Resources

  • Connect with Steve Wittal on LinkedIn – https://www.linkedin.com/in/stevewittal/
  • Steve’s email: Steve Wittal <swittal@salesxceleration.com>

A Significant Actionable Item from this Podcast

Audit Your Sales Strategy Through the Four Buckets.
Take a moment to evaluate your organization’s performance across Steve’s four key areas:

  • Desirability: Is your product essential or optional to your buyers?
  • Clarity: Can your team articulate your value proposition in a way that resonates with prospects and highlights the cost of inaction?
  • Predictability: Do you have a repeatable sales process that aligns with how your customers buy?
  • Deliverability: Are you consistently delivering on promises and capturing client feedback to validate success?

This self-assessment will uncover gaps in your current sales approach and point to immediate areas for improvement.

Summary

Whether you’re leading a startup or managing a growing sales team, this episode delivers a concise yet powerful framework for achieving sales success. Steve Wittal’s “Four Buckets” offer practical, business acumen–driven insights that will help you reframe your growth strategy and improve every stage of your sales process. If you’re serious about improving revenue generation and becoming a trusted advisor in your client relationships, don’t miss this episode. Tune in now and transform your approach to value selling.